Ms Randon - who assumed the name Sister André when she became a nun in 1944 - died in her sleep at her nursing home in Toulon, France.
Born in 1904 in southern France, she lived through two world wars and dedicated much of her life to Catholicism.
"Only the good Lord knows" the secret of her longevity, she told reporters.
Born when Tour de France had only been staged once, Sister André also saw 27 French heads of state.
A spokesman from her nursing home, David Tavella, shared news of her death with reporters on Tuesday.
"There is great sadness but... it was her desire to join her beloved brother. For her, it's a liberation," Mr Tavella said.
Sister André was said to have a close relationship with her brothers. She once told reporters one of her fondest memories was their safe return from fighting at the end of World War One.
"It was rare," she recalled. "In families there were usually two dead rather than two alive".
Despite being blind and reliant on a wheelchair, Sister André cared for other elderly people - some of whom were much younger than herself.
In an interview last April with the AFP news agency, Sister André said: "People say that work kills, for me work kept me alive, I kept working until I was 108."
During the same interview, she said she would be better off in heaven, but continued to enjoy earthly pleasures like eating chocolate and drinking a glass of wine every day.
Also known as Sister André — and as the oldest nun alive and oldest covid-19 survivor, according to Guinness World Records — she passed away on Tuesday, just weeks before her 119th birthday, a spokesman for the nursing home where she spent her final years told the Associated Press.
Sister André became the oldest living person last year when the previous oldest person, Kane Tanaka of Japan, died at 119 years old in April 2022. According to the Gerontology Research Group, the oldest living person is now Maria Branyas Morera of Spain at 115 years and 320 days, as of Wednesday.
Sister André also holds the record for oldest COVID-19 survivor, which she tested positive for a few weeks before her 117th birthday in 2021. She recovered from the virus in about three weeks. She also lived through the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.
In 2019, Sister André became an honorary citizen of Toulon, France, and received a personal letter and blessed rosary from Pope Francis.
Sister André was about three years away from setting yet another record as the oldest person ever. That record is held by Jeanne Louise Calment, also of France, who lived to be 122 years and 164 days old and died in 1997, according to Guinness World Records.
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